Appearance and reality
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Russell questioned the absoluteness of knowledge and the discernment of problems in philosophy.
What is the difference between appearance and reality? It is marked as sensory data by perceiving known things. A collection of all physical objects is called a substance.
Russell quoted the philosopher Berkeley's point of view, saying that objects do not exist outside the senses. I think this is a kind of deception. Objects exist independently of the senses, and if we recognize or perceive them they enter the field of vision.
Russell described the appearance problem as a philosophical question. Is it realism to see the real thing? What happens to the appearance as we approach its micro or macro composition? For example, the size and heat of the sun increase as we get closer.
Material existence
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The author introduces Descartes once systematically suspected and draws conclusions through his suspicions - I think so I exist. Philosophically, he asks questions about objects that exist outside of our senses. I want to say for sure: they do it.
The essence of matter
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The physical science has reduced all objects to motion. For example: light has waves and particles are called waviles.
Idealism
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The first advocate of idealism was Berkeley. According to him, everything is in the mind. Here, I think this is a misunderstanding of Berkeley's thinking. We must know or perceive our senses.
The word "know" is used for two things. First of all, it means no errors. The second aspect of it is the knowledge acquired by the senses. This is called by knowing an acquaintance. For the knowledge of acquaintances, we understand things through the senses. For example, when I saw a table, I found it to be a table.
Russell does not know what knowledge means by description.
The understanding of universality is white, brotherhood and justice. Use descriptive content based on Russell's nouns and verbs.
About induction
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What is induction? Inductive knowledge from general to specific. Syllogism is an induction. For example: all men are mortal; Socrates is a person: So Socrates is a mortal.
There are three rules of thought. The Law of Identity: What is: The Law of Contradiction: Nothing is impossible, not: the rule of exclusion: everything must exist rather than exist.
One of the historical controversies is between empiricists and rationalists. Empiricists believe that knowledge comes from experience. Is knowledge a priori or a posteriori that existed before it was known or known?
Russell asserts that all mathematical knowledge is a priori. I want to say that the verifiability of knowing the truth of mathematics is a posteriori.
Universal world
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Doing universality, justice, truth, brotherhood and other ideas exist in form or thought, or exist in practice. Plato believes that it is wrong to exist in an ideal form.
Orignal From: Bertrand Russell's analysis of philosophical issues
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